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␈↓ ↓N␈↓foo
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ←1
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ¬εThe Indian in the United States
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ε∪Ian Earnest
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α⊂Bureau␈α⊂Of␈α∂Indian␈α⊂A␈↓β@␈↓airs␈α⊂(BIA),␈α⊂in␈α∂its          ␈↓ π∞␈↓to␈α⊃computerize␈α∩the␈α⊃land␈α∩records␈α⊃in␈α∩order␈α⊃to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓attempt␈α∂to␈α∂integrate␈α∂the␈α∂native␈α∂american␈α∞into     ␈↓ π∞␈↓deal with the problem
␈↓ ↓N␈↓society,␈α∀has␈α∪touched␈α∀on␈α∪all␈α∀major␈α∀facets␈α∪of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Indian␈α∪life␈α∩which␈α∪include␈α∪health,␈α∩education,     ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α∞BIA␈α∞has␈α∞had␈α∞the␈α∞authority␈α∞to␈α∞deal␈α
with
␈↓ ↓N␈↓welfare,␈α∞treaties,␈α∞land,␈α∞law,␈α∂tribal␈α∞government, ␈↓ π∞␈↓these␈α∩problems␈α∩for␈α∪66␈α∩years␈α∩and␈α∪they␈α∩have
␈↓ ↓N␈↓hunting and ␈↓βC␈↓shing rights.                  ␈↓ π∞␈↓worked␈α∩out␈α∪land␈α∩consolidation␈α∪problems␈α∩for
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓non-Indians␈αwithout␈α
any␈αproblems.␈α
There␈αare
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α∞BIA␈α∞was␈α
established␈α∞in␈α∞as␈α
a␈α∞part␈α∞of␈α
the          ␈↓ π∞␈↓agencies␈α≥whithin␈α≥the␈α≥Department␈α≥of␈α≤the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓War␈α∞Department␈α∂in␈α∞1824␈↓∧1␈↓.␈α∞ The␈α∂Bureau␈α∞was          ␈↓ π∞␈↓Interior␈α∀that␈α∃have␈α∀no␈α∀trouble␈α∃dealing␈α∀with
␈↓ ↓N␈↓transfered␈α∩to␈α⊃the␈α∩War␈α⊃Department␈α∩in␈α⊃1849␈↓∧1␈↓         ␈↓ π∞␈↓heirship␈α
problems␈α
by␈α
placing␈α
the␈α
property␈α
in␈α
a
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α∂was␈α∂endowed␈α∂by␈α∂Congress␈α∂with␈α∂the␈α∞task          ␈↓ π∞␈↓trust until the owners can be located.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of supporting the Indians in 1921␈↓∧1␈↓.
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α⊃BIA␈α⊃realtor␈α⊃at␈α⊃Fort␈α⊃Hall,␈α∩Idaho␈α⊃insists
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α∞problem␈α
of␈α∞land␈α
development␈α∞lies␈α∞in␈α
the        ␈↓ π∞␈↓that␈α∂"in␈α∂the␈α∂best␈α∂interest␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α∂Indians"␈↓∧2␈↓␈α∞he
␈↓ ↓N␈↓"checkerboard"␈↓∧2␈↓␈α≥and␈α≥"heirship"␈↓∧2␈↓␈α≥problems.      ␈↓ π∞␈↓discourages␈α
competitive␈α
bidding␈α
on␈α∞leases.␈α
He
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α"checkerboard"␈αproblem␈αoriginated␈αin␈αthe     ␈↓ π∞␈↓backs␈αthis␈αstatment␈αby␈αsaying␈α"We␈αknow␈αwhat
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Allotment␈α∀Act␈α∪of␈α∀1887␈↓∧2␈↓␈α∪in␈α∀which␈α∪Congress          ␈↓ π∞␈↓we`ve␈α≤got␈α≥in␈α≤these␈α≤leases.␈α≥They're␈α≤great
␈↓ ↓N␈↓divided␈α≥large␈α≥tracts␈α≥of␈α≥tribal␈α≡land␈α≥into          ␈↓ π∞␈↓farmers.␈α∞This␈α∞works␈α∞out␈α∞for␈α∞the␈α∞farmers␈α
who
␈↓ ↓N␈↓individual␈α∪"homesteads"␈α∩of␈α∪80␈α∩to␈α∪640␈α∩acres.       ␈↓ π∞␈↓gets␈α∞his␈α∂land␈α∞dirt␈α∞cheep␈α∂and␈α∞the␈α∂BIA␈α∞realtor
␈↓ ↓N␈↓As␈α⊃some␈α⊃of␈α⊃these␈α⊃"homesteads"␈α⊃were␈α⊃sold␈α⊂to         ␈↓ π∞␈↓who␈αgets␈αhis␈αcomission␈αbut␈αdoes␈αlittle␈αgood␈αfor
␈↓ ↓N␈↓non-Indians␈α∪it␈α∪left␈α∀much␈α∪of␈α∪the␈α∪land␈α∀in␈α∪a           ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈α∂Indian␈α⊂who's␈α∂land␈α⊂it␈α∂is␈α⊂and␈α∂who␈α⊂gets␈α∂as
␈↓ ↓N␈↓"checkerboard"␈α⊗pattern.␈α∃The␈α⊗BIA␈α⊗claims␈α∃it        ␈↓ π∞␈↓little␈α∪as␈α∪10%␈α∪of␈α∪the␈α∪money␈α∪involved␈α∪in␈α∪the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓cannot␈α⊃␈↓∧␈↓βC␈↓∧␈↓nd␈α⊂a␈α⊃method␈α⊂under␈α⊃present␈α⊃laws␈α⊂to          ␈↓ π∞␈↓lease.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓consolidate␈α⊗the␈α⊗holdings␈α⊗for␈α⊗the␈α↔beni␈↓∧␈↓βC␈↓∧␈↓t␈α⊗of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓ether party.                                ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α∩Rosebud␈α∩Sioux␈α∩at␈α∩the␈α∩end␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α⊃␈↓∧␈↓βC␈↓∧␈↓rst
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓main␈α
incident␈α
(1890)␈α
at␈α
Wounded␈αKnee,␈α
South
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈αheirship␈αproblem␈αstems␈αfrom␈αIndian␈αland       ␈↓ π∞␈↓Dakota,␈α∞were␈α∂given␈α∞3.3␈α∂million␈α∞acres␈α∂of␈α∞land.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓being␈α∪passed␈α∀from␈α∪generation␈α∀to␈α∪generation       ␈↓ π∞␈↓Today␈α∞only␈α∂1/3␈α∞of␈α∂the␈α∞land␈α∂is␈α∞still␈α∂in␈α∞Indian
␈↓ ↓N␈↓without␈α6being␈α6divided.␈α6There␈α5are                ␈↓ π∞␈↓hands.␈αThis␈αis␈αtypical␈αof␈αthe␈αhistory␈αof␈αIndian
␈↓ ↓N␈↓approxemently␈α↔six␈α↔million␈α↔acres␈α↔of␈α↔Indian        ␈↓ π∞␈↓lands.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓land␈α∨that␈α∨remain␈α∨idle␈α∨through␈α≡multiple
␈↓ ↓N␈↓ownership␈α∂and␈α∂the␈α∂associated␈α∂problems.␈α∂This      ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α⊂emphasis␈α∂in␈α⊂education␈α∂has␈α⊂been␈α∂toward
␈↓ ↓N␈↓multiple␈α~ownership␈α~prevents␈α≠lndians␈α~from        ␈↓ π∞␈↓teaching␈αthe␈αyoung␈α
to␈αspeak␈αEnglish␈αand␈α
work
␈↓ ↓N␈↓developing␈αit.␈αThis␈αkeeps␈α
the␈αprice␈αof␈αthe␈α
land     ␈↓ π∞␈↓within␈α⊗the␈α∃white␈α⊗oriented␈α⊗system.␈α∃Recently,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓down.␈αIt␈αis␈αimpractical␈αto␈αdevelop,␈αlease,␈αor␈α
sell  ␈↓ π∞␈↓though,␈α the␈α Rosebud␈α Sioux␈α have␈α been
␈↓ ↓N␈↓this␈α↔land␈α_because␈α↔of␈α_the␈α↔need␈α_of␈α↔mutual            ␈↓ π∞␈↓attempting␈α∨to␈α∨relearn␈α∨and␈α∨reteach␈α∨their
␈↓ ↓N␈↓consent␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩owners.␈α∩ In␈α∩1958␈α∩the␈α∩loss␈α∩of         ␈↓ π∞␈↓heritage.␈αThey␈αare␈αbeing␈αguided␈αin␈αthis␈αby␈α
the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓income␈α#due␈α#to␈α#heirship␈α$problems␈α#was              ␈↓ π∞␈↓Indian␈α∃Studies␈α∃Department␈α∃of␈α∃Sinte␈α∃Gaska
␈↓ ↓N␈↓$417,868␈↓∧3␈↓.␈α
 The␈α
BIA␈αclears␈α
itself␈α
from␈αthis␈α
one    ␈↓ π∞␈↓College established on the reservation in 1970.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓by␈α
claiming␈αthat␈α
it␈αwould␈α
take␈αthem␈α
ten␈αyears
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α~Indians␈α→of␈α~Oklahoma,␈α~totaling␈α→some
␈↓ ↓N␈↓-----------------------                     ␈↓ π∞␈↓100,000,␈α
are␈α
also␈α
learning␈α
tribal␈α
language␈αand
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓∧1␈↓.␈α
Census␈α∞Bureau,␈α
Dept.␈α∞of␈α
Interior,␈α∞O␈↓∧␈↓β@␈↓∧␈↓ice␈α
of      ␈↓ π∞␈↓attending␈αceremonies␈αplus␈αa␈αrevival␈αof␈αinterest
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Management and Budget                       ␈↓ π∞␈↓in␈α∂Indian␈α∂art␈α∞and␈α∂handcraft.␈α∂ Politically␈α∞they
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓are␈αdemanding␈αan␈αend␈αto␈αdiscimination,␈αbetter
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓∧2␈↓.␈α⊗Our␈α∃Brothers␈α⊗Keeper,␈α∃Cahn␈α⊗&␈α∃Hearne,            ␈↓ π∞␈↓education␈α∃for␈α∃children,␈α∃more␈α∃jobs␈α⊗and␈α∃the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓World Publishing, New York, p. 87           ␈↓ π∞␈↓right␈α≡to␈α≡preserve␈α≡cultural␈α∨identity.␈α≡This
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓resurgence␈α∞is␈α∞drawing␈α∞many␈α∞Indians␈α∂who␈α∞left
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓∧3␈↓.␈α⊃Henry␈α⊃W␈α⊂Hough,␈α⊃Development␈α⊃of␈α⊂Indian           ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈α∀reservation␈α∀to␈α∪escape␈α∀the␈α∀poverty␈α∪there
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Resorses.p.47
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ←2


␈↓ ↓N␈↓only␈αto␈α␈↓∧␈↓βC␈↓∧␈↓nd␈αa␈α
di␈↓∧␈↓β@␈↓∧␈↓erent␈αkind␈αof␈αpoverty␈α
in␈αthe        ␈↓ π∞␈↓by␈α
AIM.␈α Mr.␈α
Webster␈α
Twohawk,␈αPresident␈α
of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓city␈α
back␈α
to␈α∞the␈α
reservation␈α
These␈α∞Indian␈α
are      ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈α⊗Rosebud␈α∃Tribal␈α⊗Council,␈α⊗found␈α∃AIM's
␈↓ ↓N␈↓known␈α⊂as␈α⊃the␈α⊂richest␈α⊃and␈α⊂most␈α⊃successful␈α⊂in        ␈↓ π∞␈↓actions␈α∪ridiculous␈α∀and␈α∪maintained␈α∀that␈α∪"the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓America␈αbut␈αthey␈αare␈αpoorer␈αthan␈αboth␈αblacks       ␈↓ π∞␈↓surest␈α≤way␈α≥of␈α≤settling␈α≤our␈α≥grievances␈α≤is
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and Mexian-Americans.                       ␈↓ π∞␈↓through␈α↔legal␈α↔means␈↓∧␈↓βE␈↓∧␈↓and␈α↔we␈α_are␈α↔working
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓hard␈α∞in␈α∞that␈α∞direction."␈↓∧4␈↓␈α∞One␈α∞of␈α∂AIM's␈α∞goals
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α⊂over␈α∂all␈α⊂drop␈α⊂out␈α∂rate␈α⊂for␈α⊂High␈α∂School          ␈↓ π∞␈↓was␈α⊗to␈α↔oust␈α⊗Pine␈α⊗Ridge␈α↔Tribal␈α⊗Chairman
␈↓ ↓N␈↓students␈α⊂is␈α⊂39%␈α⊂and␈α⊂for␈α⊂some␈α⊂rural␈α⊂tribes␈α∂as        ␈↓ π∞␈↓Richard␈αWilson␈αand␈α
most␈αof␈αthe␈α
other␈αelected
␈↓ ↓N␈↓high␈αas␈α46%.␈αUnemployment␈αfor␈αthe␈αarea␈αis␈αan        ␈↓ π∞␈↓o␈↓∧␈↓β@␈↓∧␈↓icials␈α∂in␈α∂order␈α∂to␈α∂pave␈α∂the␈α∂way␈α∂for␈α⊂a␈α∂new
␈↓ ↓N␈↓outragous␈α∂84%.␈α∂ Of␈α∂the␈α∂15,000␈α∂Indians␈α∂living      ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α_of␈α_tribal␈α_government.␈α_ Other␈α_goals
␈↓ ↓N␈↓in␈α⊃Oklahoma␈α∩City␈α⊃the␈α∩per␈α⊃capita␈α∩income␈α⊃is          ␈↓ π∞␈↓included␈α∞getting␈α∞the␈α∞Senate␈α∞Foreign␈α
Relations
␈↓ ↓N␈↓$1,125.  77% below the national average.␈↓∧4␈↓   ␈↓ π∞␈↓Committee␈αto␈αhold␈αhearings␈αon␈αalleged␈αfederal
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓violations␈α∀of␈α∀371␈α∃treaties␈α∀on␈α∀land␈α∃use␈α∀and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Health␈α
conditions␈α
are␈αworse␈α
in␈α
the␈α
city␈αthan␈α
in     ␈↓ π∞␈↓Indian␈α
rights.␈α They␈α
also␈αwante␈α
an␈αimmediate
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈α⊃rural␈α∩areas␈α⊃where␈α⊃there␈α∩are␈α⊃government        ␈↓ π∞␈↓investigation of other grievences.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓clinics.␈α
 "Indians␈α
don`t␈α
like␈α
to␈α
apply␈αfor␈α
welfare
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α⊃are␈α⊃so␈α⊃used␈α⊂to␈α⊃the␈α⊃BIA`s␈α⊃coddling␈α⊂they          ␈↓ π∞␈↓Russell␈α≤Means,␈α≤AIM'S␈α≤leader,␈α≠maintained
␈↓ ↓N␈↓don`t␈α∞know␈α∞the␈α∂about␈α∞the␈α∞other␈α∂agencies␈α∞that       ␈↓ π∞␈↓"Either␈α~negotiate␈α≠with␈α~us␈α≠for␈α~meaningful
␈↓ ↓N␈↓can help them in the city".␈↓∧4␈↓                ␈↓ π∞␈↓results,␈α
positive␈α
results,␈αor␈α
you're␈α
going␈αto␈α
have
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓to␈α
kill␈αus␈α
and␈αhere␈α
at␈αWounded␈α
Knee␈αis␈α
where
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α∩state␈α∪of␈α∩Washington␈α∩has␈α∪maintained␈α∩a          ␈↓ π∞␈↓it's going to happen."␈↓∧5␈↓
␈↓ ↓N␈↓policy␈α∀preventing␈α∪Indians␈α∀on␈α∀the␈α∪Columbia
␈↓ ↓N␈↓River␈α∞from␈α∂acting␈α∞opon␈α∂their␈α∞treaty␈α∂rights␈α∞to      ␈↓ π∞␈↓James␈αKaulay,␈α
28,␈αof␈α
the␈αRosebud␈α
Sioux,␈αsees
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓∧␈↓βC␈↓∧␈↓sh␈α∪for␈α∪salmon.␈α∀ The␈α∪state␈α∪argues␈α∀that␈α∪the         ␈↓ π∞␈↓what␈α∂AIM␈α∂is␈α∂doing␈α∂as␈α∂good␈α∂for␈α∂the␈α∞Indians.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Indians␈αpose␈αa␈αspecial␈αthreat␈αto␈αthe␈αsalmon␈αby      ␈↓ π∞␈↓He␈α
feels␈α
that␈α
they␈α
(AIM)␈α
have␈α
brought␈α
many
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈α
use␈αof␈α
nylon␈α
nets␈αupstream␈α
where␈α
␈↓∧␈↓βC␈↓∧␈↓sh␈αare        ␈↓ π∞␈↓people's␈α
feelings␈αto␈α
the␈αsurface␈α
and␈αout␈α
in␈αthe
␈↓ ↓N␈↓returning␈α⊗to␈α⊗spawn.␈α⊗ The␈α⊗fact␈α⊗is␈α⊗that␈α⊗the          ␈↓ π∞␈↓open␈αwhere␈αthey␈αcan␈αhave␈αan␈αe␈↓∧␈↓β@␈↓∧␈↓ect.␈α AIM␈α
has
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Indian's␈αtotal␈αcatch␈αcomprises␈αless␈αthan␈α
10%␈αof    ␈↓ π∞␈↓also,␈α∞in␈α∞his␈α∞eyes,␈α
reinstated␈α∞a␈α∞feeling␈α∞of␈α
"one-
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈αtotal␈αcatch␈αof␈αsalmon.␈α The␈αonly␈αplace␈αthat     ␈↓ π∞␈↓ness"␈α⊂amongst␈α⊃Indians␈α⊂which␈α⊂the␈α⊃white␈α⊂man
␈↓ ↓N␈↓nets␈α∩are␈α∩prohibited␈α⊃is␈α∩upstream␈α∩in␈α∩the␈α⊃only        ␈↓ π∞␈↓has␈α→been␈α→altering␈α→through␈α→education.␈α_ He
␈↓ ↓N␈↓place␈α
the␈α
Indians␈α
can␈α
␈↓∧␈↓βC␈↓∧␈↓sh␈α
without␈α
paying␈α
for␈α
a      ␈↓ π∞␈↓remarks,␈α∂"Imagine␈α∞how␈α∂an␈α∞Indian␈α∂feels␈α∞when
␈↓ ↓N␈↓right which was theirs by treaty.           ␈↓ π∞␈↓he␈α∀reads␈α∪that␈α∀George␈α∪Washington␈α∀was␈α∪`the
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓father of his country'."
␈↓ ↓N␈↓On␈α≡December␈α≡29,␈α≡1890,␈α∨Indians␈α≡joined,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓frustrated␈α∞and␈α∂poor,␈α∞in␈α∞a␈α∂religious␈α∞movement      ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α∃Wounded␈α⊗Knee␈α∃incident␈α⊗is␈α∃commonly
␈↓ ↓N␈↓at␈α→Wounded␈α_Knee,␈α→South␈α→Dakota.␈α_ Their            ␈↓ π∞␈↓viewed␈α_as␈α↔an␈α_extension␈α↔of␈α_the␈α↔movement
␈↓ ↓N␈↓activities␈αaroused␈αthe␈αU.S.␈α
 Government.␈α The    ␈↓ π∞␈↓initiated␈α_in␈α_November␈α_of␈α_'72␈α→when␈α_AIM
␈↓ ↓N␈↓cavalry␈α∞was␈α∞sent␈α∞and␈α∞they␈α∞slaughtered␈α∞200␈α∞to       ␈↓ π∞␈↓seized␈α⊂the␈α∂BIA␈α⊂Building␈α∂in␈α⊂Washington␈α∂DC
␈↓ ↓N␈↓300␈α→Indians.␈α→ This␈α→event␈α→made␈α_Wounded            ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α∨declared␈α∨it␈α∨"The␈α Native␈α∨American
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Knee␈α⊃an␈α⊃appealing␈α⊃site␈α⊃to␈α⊃act␈α⊃out␈α⊃the␈α⊂more          ␈↓ π∞␈↓Embassy".␈α~ The␈α→demands␈α~were␈α~similar␈α→in
␈↓ ↓N␈↓recent rebellion.                           ␈↓ π∞␈↓nature in both cases.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α↔recent␈α↔seizure␈α↔of␈α↔Wounded␈α↔Knee␈α⊗on             ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α⊗"trail␈α∃of␈α⊗broken␈α∃treaties"␈α⊗is␈α⊗a␈α∃phrase
␈↓ ↓N␈↓February␈α∪27,␈α∪1973,␈α∪by␈α∪200␈α∪members␈α∪of␈α∩the           ␈↓ π∞␈↓coined␈αto␈α
dramatize␈αthe␈α
broken␈αpromises␈α
made
␈↓ ↓N␈↓American␈α Indian␈α Movement␈α (AIM),␈α∨has             ␈↓ π∞␈↓to␈αthe␈α
Indians␈αby␈αthe␈α
U.␈αS.␈αGovernment.␈α
 This
␈↓ ↓N␈↓stirred␈αextensive␈α
debate␈αover␈α
the␈αviolence␈α
used   ␈↓ π∞␈↓applies␈α#to␈α#all␈α#promises␈α#made␈α$by␈α#the

␈↓ ↓N␈↓-----------------------                     ␈↓ π∞␈↓-----------------------
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓∧4␈↓.␈α∀U.S.News␈α∀&␈α∪World␈α∀Report,␈α∀April␈α∪2,1973          ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓∧5␈↓.␈α
U.S.␈α
News␈α
&␈α
World␈α
Report,␈α
March␈α12,␈α
1975,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓p.27-28.                                    ␈↓ π∞␈↓p. 36.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ←3


␈↓ ↓N␈↓Government,␈αbut␈αcenters␈αon␈αthe␈αtreaties␈αdrawn
␈↓ ↓N␈↓up␈αbetween␈α
1778␈αand␈α1871,␈α
when␈αthe␈αU.S.␈α
and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the Indians of nearly equal power.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓In␈α
1871,␈α∞Congress␈α
passed␈α∞a␈α
law␈α∞declaring␈α
"no
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Indian␈αnation␈αor␈αtribe␈αis␈αto␈αbe␈αrecognized␈αas␈αa
␈↓ ↓N␈↓power␈α⊂with␈α⊃whom␈α⊂to␈α⊃make␈α⊂a␈α⊃treaty"␈↓∧5␈↓.␈α⊂ This
␈↓ ↓N␈↓had␈α.no␈α/e␈↓∧␈↓β@␈↓∧␈↓ect␈α.on␈α/existing␈α.treaties.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Subsequently,␈α∂the␈α∂Department␈α∂of␈α⊂the␈α∂Interior
␈↓ ↓N␈↓made␈α⊂agreements␈α∂with␈α⊂the␈α∂Indians␈α⊂that␈α∂were
␈↓ ↓N␈↓rati␈↓∧␈↓βC␈↓∧␈↓ed␈α≤by␈α≤the␈α≤Senate␈α≤until␈α≤1888,␈α≤when
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Congress␈α≠and␈α≠the␈α≠President␈α≠assumed␈α~the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓responsibility␈α∂of␈α⊂setting␈α∂policies␈α⊂and␈α∂ful␈↓∧␈↓βC␈↓∧␈↓lling
␈↓ ↓N␈↓commitments to the Indians.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓There␈α≥was␈α≡a␈α≥period␈α≥of␈α≡scandal␈α≥during
␈↓ ↓N␈↓President␈α*Grant's␈α+administration␈α*which
␈↓ ↓N␈↓included␈α↔the␈α↔sale␈α↔of␈α↔the␈α↔position␈α_of␈α↔Post
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Trader.␈α~ The␈α→agents␈α~made␈α→sure␈α~that␈α→the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Indians␈α∀shopped␈α∀and␈α∀traded␈α∀only␈α∀with␈α∀the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓trader.␈α∞ To␈α∂insure␈α∞this␈α∂they␈α∞paid␈α∂the␈α∞Indians
␈↓ ↓N␈↓in␈α⊃scrip,␈α⊃to␈α⊃keep␈α⊃money␈α⊃out␈α⊃of␈α∩their␈α⊃hands,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and charged in␈↓∧␈↓βD␈↓∧␈↓ated prices.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈αU.S.␈αgovernment␈αand␈αthe␈αIndians␈α
initially
␈↓ ↓N␈↓adopted␈α
a␈α
policy␈αof␈α
isolationism␈α
typi␈↓∧␈↓βC␈↓∧␈↓ed␈αby␈α
the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓setting␈α∩of␈α∩land␈α⊃reservations.␈α∩ this␈α∩policy␈α⊃has
␈↓ ↓N␈↓been␈α
maintained␈α
by␈α
the␈α
Indians,␈α
but␈αthe␈α
policy
␈↓ ↓N␈↓makers␈α∨of␈α∨the␈α∨U.S.␈α∨have␈α∨attempted␈α≡to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓exterminate␈α5undesirable␈α6factions␈α5and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓amalgamate␈α
the␈α
Indian␈α
into␈α
American␈αsociety.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓In␈α∞"The␈α∞Road␈α∞to␈α∞Wounded␈α∞Knee"␈α∞by␈α
Robert
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Burnette,␈α"the␈α!Tribal␈α"Chairman␈α"of␈α!the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Rosebud␈α∃Sioux␈α∃sums␈α⊗it␈α∃up␈α∃well␈α⊗in␈α∃saying
␈↓ ↓N␈↓"Indian␈α∪agents␈α∪came␈α∪in␈α∪three␈α∪general␈α∩types:
␈↓ ↓N␈↓thieves,␈α!religeous␈α!fanatics,␈α!and␈α!men␈α!of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓goodwill␈α≥and␈α≡decent␈α≥impulses.␈α≡ The␈α≥last
␈↓ ↓N␈↓category␈α⊃was␈α⊃by␈α∩far␈α⊃the␈α⊃smallest.␈α∩ The␈α⊃BIA
␈↓ ↓N␈↓has␈α⊂done␈α⊂more␈α⊃good␈α⊂for␈α⊂the␈α⊃non-Indians␈α⊂at
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈α∞expense␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞Indians␈α∞in␈α∂their␈α∞`attempts'
␈↓ ↓N␈↓to␈α∩bring␈α⊃the␈α∩Indian␈α⊃into␈α∩the␈α∩mainstream␈α⊃of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓American life.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ β
Other References 

␈↓ ↓N␈↓1.␈α↔ John␈α↔Koster,␈α⊗"The␈α↔Road␈α↔to␈α⊗Wounded
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞Knee", Bantam Books, New York, 1974.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓2.␈α~ "Indians:␈α~Drums␈α~Along␈α~the␈α~Patomac",
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞Newsweek, November 20, 1972, p. 37.